Turbine.



S. Z. DE FERRANTI.

TURBINB.

APPLIOATION FILED JAN.5. 1905.

1,066,478. -Paennea July 8, 1913.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

Fig. a.

S. Z. DE FERRANTI.

TUR'BINB.

APPLICATION FILFD JAN.5, 1905. 1,066,478, Patented July 8, 1913.

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WSR

Figi.

S. Z. DE FERRANTI.

TURBINB.

APPLICATION FILED MN5, 1905.

1,066,478. Patented July 8, 1913.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

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Hafer/cys S. Z. DE FERRANTI.

TURBINE.

APPLICATION FILED JAN. 5, 1905.

1,066,478. Patented 'July 8, 1913.

4 SHEETS-SHBET 4.

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SEBASTIAN ZIANI nr. Flilltldihll'TI, OF HIlLIIlIPSTlEIMD, ELNDN, EFIG'LND.

TURFIIIE.

.application filed January l5, 19135.

Elpecincatiou of Lctteratatent.

To aZZ 'whom t may concern Be it lrnown that I, SnBAsTmN ZIANI Dn FnRnAN'rI, a subject of the King of Great Britain and Ireland, and residing at 31 lLyndhurst road, Hampstead, London, NN., England, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in t and Relating to Turbine-Engines, of which the following is a specification.

connection with the construction and operation of turbine engines generally, certain of these improvements being especially applicable to turbines of the isothermal type with stage relheating described in my application Serial No. 179407 of. October 31st, 1903.

Figure 1 shows the application of a water gland to a turbine to reduce flow of heat to the shaft bearing; Fig. 2 illustrates a method of supporting the turbine body on water cooled supports, Fig.` 3 being a cross section 'taken on the line E F of Fig. 2; Fig. l shows an arrangement in which four pinions, each driven by a separate turbine, mesh with a common gear wheel, Fig. 5 being a longitudinal section through such an arrangement and Fig. G being a sectional end view; Fig. 6a shows a modification of the arrangement shown in F ig. G. Fig. 7 shows a method of applying the isothermal expansion principle to the case of turbines working on different shafts, while Fig. 8 shows a pressure flow turbine provided with an intermediate re-heater.

I wish it to be understood that the drawings are of a diagrammatic nature throughout-individual pipes for example being in many instances represented by a single line-and consequently should not he taken as working drawings.

In turbines such as I have described and in those of other types, it is often necessary to provide for temperatures in the turbine up vto say 400o C. In order to avoid cooling in the bearings, which would be ineffective or cooling right through the shaft, I prefer to put a water gland on the outside of the shaft between the bearing and the turbine. Thus, as shown in ig. l, I form this water gland by means of a hollow casing, .2, encircling the shaft, 3, and with a packing, 4, at each side. A space, 5, is thus formed through which I circulate water under suitable pressure and so carry off the heat which would otherwise travel to the bearing. The

Water gland also has the eect Where steam` is used of catching any leakage and condensing it or where a vacuum is applied of makmg a tight joint and preventing the inflow of air to the turbine.

In turbines working at a fairly high temperature such as 400e C., it is important to prevent the flow of heat from the body of fthe turbine to the frame and bearings and for this purpose I make the turbine 'Ihis invention relates to improvements in body distinct from the rest of the structure and carry it upon feet of small section. I ma also reduce the flow of heat bywater jac toting these feet or the sup orts on which they stand, thus keeping tie frame and bearing cool over a long period of running. One method of carrying this part oi my invention into eii'ect is shown in Figs. 2 and 3. The turbine body, 6, is provided with a suitable number of feet such as 7, each resting on a pillar or support, S. As shown in the section, Fig. 3, this supporting pillar at one point is made of a minimum cross sectional area consistent with strength so as to reduce as much as possible the flow of heat across this section. As shown in the ligure, I may provide the pillar with a water cooling arrangement, consisting of an inlet pipe, 9, leading to a chamber, 10, provided in the pillar, the water leaving this chamber by a tube, 11, surrounding the pipe, 9, and thence by way of the discharge pipe, 12. rThis water jacketing ma be arranged in series with the water glan s already described.

Where' I construct turbines of moderate power and it is desired to run the turbine wheels at speeds higher than those at which they can be conveniently used, I prefer to make two or more separate turbines, such, as` 13, Figs. 4 to 6, each having, for example, single or multiple impact reaction wheels. These separate turbines I group together and fit the ends of their shafts with pinions, 14, which pinions I gear all into one wheel, 15, with a suitable gear reduction ratio. to give the desired speed on this common shaft. Fig. 6, the workin fluid passes into the rst turbine by Way o vthe Superheater, 16, and after exhaustin from this turbine passes into the secon superheater, 17, thence to the third turbine through the re-superheater 18, and soon through thefourth turbine to the condenser, 19. A re-su erheater may also be placed between the t ird and fourth turbines if desired according to the requirementsof the As indicated diagrammatically in turbine throu h the re-y case and the exigencies of design. I thus employ the turbines in series, and provide superheaters between stages Vthrough which the steam may be passed as described in my application Serial No. 179407 of 1903, in whlch this method of worlng'is described in relation to single turbines, lthat is, turbines with multiple stages on one shaft. The turbines above described may also be of the pressure flow type, provided that theyv are constructed so as to stand the temperature and may' then also be coupled .in series as in the case of the impact turbines. Turbines of moderate power may thus be constructed in which each individual pinion, 14, need not transmit more than a fourth of the total power, the principal expense being in the large gear f'wheel, 15, which is common to the several turbines and by which they are coupled together. It

of course permissible to couple the @et two turbines in series and the third and fourth in parallel and in series with the first and second as shown in Fig. 6", so as to give more conveniently a greater area for -the low pressure steam. Or the first turbines may be impact reaction and the last turbines pressure ow. In all cases the coupling together for greater powers and also the superheating and intermediate resuperheating will be very beneficial.

Where two or more turbines are coupled in series as regards the working fluid and are placed on vseparate shafts without being directly coupledtogether and each does work such as driving one of the propeller shafts of a ship, I supply the rst turbine with superheated steam and resuperheat the working iuid in between the turbines, so as to obtain a good thermal efficiency and so as to increase the mechanical eiiciency owing to working throughout with a'dry Huid. In some cases each turbine besides-being supy -plied with dry and highly superheated steam from'the superheaters -as above described, may also be' divided into two` or more-stages each tted with re-superheaters. Thus, referring to Fig.' 7, an example of this part of my invention is shown, inwhich three turbines A, B, and C are separately mounted on shafts, 20, driving the propellers, 21. Taking the case of steam turbines by way of example, the steam from the boiler` asses first through the superheater, 22, and) thence into the first stage, A1, of the turbine A; after partially expanding the steam passes thence by way of the re-superheater, 23, to the second stage, A2, of the turbine, A, where a secondpartial expansion takes place. The exhaust from turbine A,

asses to the re-superheater, 24, and on issulng thence is divided into two parts, which pass respectively into the first stages, B1 and C1, of the turbines B and C. -The exhausts from the stages, B1 and C1, then unite and together pass, through the re-superheater, 25, whence, dividing, the expansion is completed in the second stages, B2 and C2, of the turbines, B and C, the steam finally exhaustingto the condensers, D. It will be -seen that in this example, the turbines, B and C, are in parallel as regards each other, but each is in series when considered with reference tofturbine A.

Where If desire to re-superheat the steam on its w y through a pressure flow turbine, I divid' up the space between the sets of blades 26 and 27, (see Fig. 8) by means of circu ar rings (indicated at 28 in the ligure) suc.y as are now used on the balance pistons of--turbines of this type. The steam after initial superheating in the 'superheaten 29, passes through the first stage of theturbine and is then diverted by the rings, 28, through the re-superheater, 30, the expansion being completed in the second'stage.

I wish it to be understood that Fig. 8 is of a diagrammatic nature and only such parts of the turbine are shown as are neces.- sary to illustrate this part of my invention, the pistons, for example, used for balancing the axial thrust of turbines of this type being omitted.

Where turbines of the pressure flow type and employing re-superheating have to opcrate at anything less than full load, the

pressure in the stages must be maintainedv by pudgoverning, as explained in my previous application Serial No. 282187, so as to get the fall of pressure in the turbine to utilize the dro of temperature.

The above isothermal expansion turbine engines described in my application Serial No. 179407, and is a particular application of the invention to divided turbines coupled in series as regards the working fluid.

- I am aware of the various patents, for eX- ample, No.l 716468 of 1902, granted to the Honorable C. A. Parsons in connection with turbines working on different shafts and do not claim anything therein described and claimed. v

Having thus described my invention wha I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:--

' 1. The combination in a turbine of a casing; a main shaft passing through the ends of said casing shaft bearings external to said casing, together with fluid circulating means disposed between said casing and said shaft bearings to vlessen the dow of heat along said shaft.

ollows the principle of the 2. The combination in a turbine of a casin within which the turbine proper revo ves; supports for said casing together with fluid circulating means to cool said supports.

4. The combination in a turbine of a casing within which the 'turbine proper revolves; a bed-plate and bearings separate from said casing together with supports for .said casing and fluid circulating means to cool said supports.

5. The combination of a lurality of turbines working on separate s afts, certain of said turbines being divided into stages together with re-heaters disposed both between the stages of said certain turbines and also between certain of the individual turbines themselves, said re-heaters acting 'to keep t-he mean `temperatures of said stages substantially the same as each other.

6. The combination of a lurality of turbines working on separate s afts, certain of said turbines being divided into stages together within-heaters disposed both between the stages of said certain turbines and also between certain of the individual turbines themselves.

7. The combination of a lurality of turbines working on separate s afts, certain of said turbines being divided into stages together with re-heaters disposed both between the stages of said certain turbines and also between certain of the individual turbines themselves, said re-heaters actin to render the expansion through said turblnes on the wnole substantially isothermal.

8. In a power installation, a plurality of turbine elements through which the working fluid passes in series, certain of said elements being of the impulse reaction type, while certain other of said elements are of the pressure flow type, shafts for said 'turbine elements, together with means for transmitting the power from said shafts to a common shaft substantially as described.

9. In a power installation, in which the working fluid passes in series through a number of turbine elements, a plurality of impulse reaction turbine elements in the high pressure end of said installation, a plurality of pressure flow turbine elements at the low pressure end of said installation, shafts for said turbine elements, together with means for transmitting the power from said shafts to a common shaft substantially described.

l0. In a power installation, in which the working fluid asses in series through a number of turbine elements, a plurality of impulse reaction turbine elements at the high ressure end of said installation, a plurality of pressure flow turbine elements at the low pressure end of said installation, means for reheating the working fluid bea common shaft, substantially as described.

11. In a power installation, in which the working fluid 4passes in series through a number of turbine elements, a pluralityfof turbine elements of the impact reactiontype at the high pressure end, a plurality of turbine elements of the pressure flow ty e at the low pressure end, a plurality of s afts for said turbines, pinions on said shafts, together with a common wheel with which said pinions gear, substantially as described.

12. In a power installation, in which the working fluid asses in series through a number of turbine elements, a plurality of turbine elements of the impact reaction type at the high pressure end, a plurality of turbine elements of the pressure How ty e at the low pressure end, a plurality of siafts for said turbines, pinions on said shafts, a common wheel with which said pinions gear, together with reheaters disposed between said turbines, substantially as described.

13. In combination, a plurality of turbine elements, certain of said turbine elements being arranged in series, while certain other of said turbine elements are arranged in parallel in relation to the flow of working fluid, shafts for said turbine elements, together with means for transmitting the power from said shafts to a common shaft, substantially as described.

14. In combination a plurality of turbine elements, certain of said turbine elements being arran ed in series, while certain other of said tur ine elements are arranged in parallel in relation to the low of working fluid, shafts for said turbine elements, pinions on said shafts, together with a gear wheel with which said pinions gear, substantially as described.

15. A turbine installation comprising in combination a plurality of turbine elements, certain of said turbine elements being arranged in series and certain of said turbine elements being arranged in parallel in relation to the flow of working fluid; means for reheating Working fluid on its passage through the installation; shafts for said turbine elementsrpinions on said shafts together with a ear wheel with which said pinions gear, su stantially as described.

In testimony whereof I have signed my name to this speenA ation in the presence of two subscribing witnesses.

SEBASTIAN ZIANI im FERRANTI.

Witnesses:

ALBERT E. PARKER, FRANCIS J. BIGNELL. 

